Albert Bandura Essays - Psychological Theories, Behavioural Sciences

Albert Bandura Albert Bandura was born on December 4, 1925 in the small farming community of Mundare, Canada. He was educated in a small school with minimal resources, yet a remarkable success rate. He received his bachelor's degree in Psychology from the University of British Colombia in 1949. Bandura went on to the University of Iowa, where he received his Ph.D. in 1952. It was there that he came under the influence of the behaviorist tradition and learning theory. He has since developed his social learning or cognitive theory and his ideas of observational learning and modeling, for which he made a place for himself in the history of Psychology. Yet his theory is still related to behaviorism because it addresses the element of learning (attention, memory, drive) that are included in both behavioral and social theories. ?Behaviorism is the view that only observable, overt activities that can be measured scientifically should be studied by Psychology. Behaviorists believe that internal events, such as thoughts, images, feelings, and intentions are immeasurable, and so should not be part of Psychology? (Baron, 1998, p.7). The scientific or experimental methods are ways in which we are able to measure such observable activities. The scientific method involves the construction of theories for explaining various events or processes. The theories contain predictions, or hypotheses that are then tested by further research and observation. The theory is then accepted only if the new observations are consistent with the theory. The experimental method is a research method in which one or more variables are manipulated (called the independent variable) in order to see the effects it has on another variable (the dependent variable). In summary, it says that one's environment causes one's behavior. Bandura found this theory to be true, but also added that behavior causes environment as well. In the argument over whether the person or the situation is most responsible for the behavior, Bandura argues for reciprocal determinism, in which a person's behavior is based on an evaluation of the situation. That behavior changes the situation, requiring a new evaluation and a new behavior decision, and so on. The points of this analysis are first, that we cannot easily separate the effects on behavior of person and situation, and second, that the individual's own behavior is a contributor to the situation, which in turn affects his or her behavior. This theory is, of course, more interest in how the person affects behavior. Bandura argues that we can best conceive personality as a set of internal evaluating and interpretation processes (social learning person variables) that mediate our interaction with the outside world, and indeed with our own inner thoughts and feelings. Such variables include competency and self-efficacy, self-regulatory systems and plans, subjective values, encoding strategies and personal constructs, and expectancies. It is important to understand that they are interdependent processes: Changes in any one may have effects on the others. (Bandura and Mischel) Behaviorism was important to Bandura in that its weaknesses became his research foundation. Bandura believed that behaviorism limited the possibilities in a laboratory setting because such settings deal with direct learning, where a learner responds to the observer. Bandura proposed that complex behaviors are affected by behavior, the environment, and internal events that influence perceptions and actions. ?Since the late 1960's, behaviorism has given the way to the ?cognitive revolution,? of which Bandura is considered a part. Cognitive psychology retains the experimentally-oriented flavor of behaviorism, without artificially restraining the researcher to external behaviors, when the mental life if clients and subjects is so obviously important? (Boeree, 1998, p.6). As Bandura began to look at personality as an interaction among the environment, behavior, and the person's psychological (cognitive) processes, he adds imagery and language in order to theorize more effectively about two things that many people would consider the ?strong suit? of the human species: observational learning (modeling) and self-regulation. Of the hundreds of studies Bandura has conducted, one group stands out well above the others-the bobo doll studies. The bobo doll was an inflatable balloon creature (depicted as a clown) with a weight in the bottom that makes it pop back up when you knock him down. Bandura made a film in which a model would aggressively punch the doll

Free Essays on Abu Simbel

Abu Simbel The great temples of Abu Simbel are located south of Aswan, in northern Nubia. Pharaoh Ramses II built this monument some say as a gesture of love for his wife Nefertari between 1290 and 1224 B.C., when most of Nubia was under Egyptian rule. The Abu Simbel temples were carved out of a mountain on the west bank of the Nile. There are two: the colossal temple of Ramses, which was dedicated to the Egyptian gods Ra-Horakhty, Amun, and Ptah, and to the deified pharaoh himself. The smaller temple of Nefertari was dedicated to Hathor, the cow-headed Egyptian goddess of love. In the doorway to the main temple are four statues of Ramses, each more than 20 meters high, accompanied by smaller statues of the Queen Mother and Nefertari. Above the doorway stands a figure of the falcon-headed sun-god Ra-Horakhty. Inside, eight statues of Ramses hold up the roof of the Hypostyle Hall; the reliefs on the wall show the pharaoh victorious in various battles. In the next hall, Ramses and Nefertari are shown in front of the gods and the solar barques that will carry them to the underworld. The innermost chamber is the sacred sanctuary, where the gods (including Ramses) sit on their thrones. Every February 22 and October 22 at sunrise, light penetrates the temple and illuminates the faces of these figures.... Free Essays on Abu Simbel Free Essays on Abu Simbel Abu Simbel The great temples of Abu Simbel are located south of Aswan, in northern Nubia. Pharaoh Ramses II built this monument some say as a gesture of love for his wife Nefertari between 1290 and 1224 B.C., when most of Nubia was under Egyptian rule. The Abu Simbel temples were carved out of a mountain on the west bank of the Nile. There are two: the colossal temple of Ramses, which was dedicated to the Egyptian gods Ra-Horakhty, Amun, and Ptah, and to the deified pharaoh himself. The smaller temple of Nefertari was dedicated to Hathor, the cow-headed Egyptian goddess of love. In the doorway to the main temple are four statues of Ramses, each more than 20 meters high, accompanied by smaller statues of the Queen Mother and Nefertari. Above the doorway stands a figure of the falcon-headed sun-god Ra-Horakhty. Inside, eight statues of Ramses hold up the roof of the Hypostyle Hall; the reliefs on the wall show the pharaoh victorious in various battles. In the next hall, Ramses and Nefertari are shown in front of the gods and the solar barques that will carry them to the underworld. The innermost chamber is the sacred sanctuary, where the gods (including Ramses) sit on their thrones. Every February 22 and October 22 at sunrise, light penetrates the temple and illuminates the faces of these figures....

The principle of non-refoulement at sea and the effectiveness of the Essay

The principle of non-refoulement at sea and the effectiveness of the asylum protection - Essay Example ations to grant asylum to any person in modern history is evidenced by he numerous treaties and conventions attempting to compel states to extend such acts of grace. The international law regarding human right such as protection and life envisages the probability of reluctance of states to admit persons into their territories on various grounds such as national security, particularly during this period when terrorism is on the increase1. Intricate issues of crises in the human society such as wars and mass displacement raise humanitarian conditions that urgently need attention due to the direct and weighty matter of life threatening challenges forcing asylum seeking. The international community identifies the need for cooperation among countries for non-conventional immigration and admission of civilians facing life-threatening challenges from their home country. Despite the fact that the requirements of registration of mass asylum seekers appears to follow certain immigration formal ities, the risks faced by such asylum seekers form the basis of admission as a matter of urgency. The precipitating factors that caused widespread displacement of persons across the world included the world wars, and the United Nations General Assembly made the recognition of the humanitarian nature of this problem in 1946. Among the major resolutions to the effect of resolution of the refugee condition was Resolution 8 (I) that barred forceful return of displaced persons to their countries of origin after the war. The formation of the International Refugee Organization in 1946 is testament to the resolve and commitment of the world leadership at the UN2. Its ambitious establishment brought important success in the recognition of refugee status as well as protection against hostility of various forms. However, its future faced the threats of the Cold War that ensued after the laying of the foundation of the United Nations. Its reinforcement came by way of stronger organs, agencies and

Persuasive Presentation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Persuasive Presentation - Essay Example How many of you feel that guns are necessary and imperative for self-protection? How would you feel if you knew how many people die of the gun each day? Our society has socialized as to acknowledge guns as a beautiful and powerful device but never mention how many people lose their life through it. The magazine, videos, and the internet depict gun ownership as a prestigious phenomenon without informing us on how many people died from gun-related incidences either as innocent or guilty victims. Unfortunately, most gun owners kill their loved ones including their partners and children. Having easy access to guns increases the risks of and opportunity for fatal violence. When individual without a stable emotions or tempers owns guns, the likelihood of involvement in violence is high when they are provoked. Imagine a violent father who regularly beats his wife and threatens to kill her has a gun at such a time of great emotion. Do you think he would hesitate to pull the trigger? Such a scenario might seem to be strange in the ‘civilized America where wife beating is presumed to be a retrogressive practice. Unfortunately, a few months ago, a friend of my uncle shot his wife because of a simple domestic argument. Regrettably, he realised that he had killed his wife when it was too late. Another instance occurred in a public Restaurant where a waiter provoked a drunken man, and he removed his handgun and shot her in the chest; she died instantly. Guns are a risk to the owner and children in the family. According to the Childrens Defence Fund and National Center for Statistics, approximately eight children die each day, and about fifty die every week due to gunfire. Additionally, five times as many children and teenagers suffer fatal injuries related to firearms. It is not once that the media has reported a juvenile death related to improper handling of the

Statement of Purpose to Enter the University Assignment

Statement of Purpose to Enter the University - Assignment Example I expect to acquire knowledgeable concepts, information and tactics to improve my planning and development skills through which I can serve people for the betterment. There is always a room for improvement and I feel that nothing but education can fill the existing gap. By participating in the educational program at the university, I would be able to polish my existing abilities and would learn to use the new concepts in my practical life. This doctorate grabbed my attention when I completed my Masters in the field of Psychology from the same university. I have ever since worked on my skills and have served the community by working in different organizations. I have completed my Bachelors and Masters in the field of psychology and have attained relevant knowledge that can help me to pursue a degree in the doctorate. This course will help me in attaining the understanding of complex patterns of psychology along with new ideas and theories. In today’s era of globalization, it is important that one has firsthand experience in multiculturalism and I have achieved this objective by studying in a multicultural university previously. Ever since I attained the degree of masters I have used my time effectively to explore the world and work with people who are homeless and addicted to drugs. It has helped me to learn the behavioural patterns of different people as the field of psychology teaches us. I expect to acquire kn owledge on the issues related to the field of psychology in all aspects. The political, social, environmental and economic issues are somehow related to the field of psychology and I believe that with the right knowledge I would be able to serve better in my field. Knowing the value of the degree that will be awarded from Carlos Albizu University, I expect to get a reputable post in a well-known organization. The university carries great importance in the educational field and with the experience of the faculty, I think that I would be able to excel in my field.  

The Imperative Programming Paradigm Philosophy Essay

The Imperative Programming Paradigm Philosophy Essay The imperative programming paradigm is the oldest and the most traditional one. It has grown from machine and assembler languages, whose main features reflect the John von Neumanns principle of computer architecture. An imperative program consists of explicit commands and calls of procedures to be consequently executed; they carry out operations on data and modify the value of program variables, as well as external environment. Within this paradigm variables are considered as containers for data similar to memory cells of computer memory. In the imperative paradigms we can think of a program as an active agent that manipulates passive objects. We encounter many passive objects in our daily life: a stone, a book, a lamp, and so on. A passive object cannot initiate an action by itself, but it can receive actions from active agents. A program in a procedural paradigm is an active agent that uses passive objects that we refer to as data or data items. To manipulate a piece of data, the active agent issues an action, referred to as a procedure. For example, think of a program that prints the contents of a file. The file is a passive object. To print the file, the program uses a procedure, which we call print. The concept of the imperative paradigm Imperative Paradigms is made up of three parts: a part for object creation, a set of procedure calls and a set of code for each procedure. Some procedures have already been defined in the language itself. By combining this code, the programmer can create new procedures. Characteristics: Discipline and idea Digital hardware technology and ideas of Von Neumann Incremental change of the program it state as a function of time. Execution of computational steps in an order governed by control structures We call the steps for command Straightforward abstractions of the way a traditional Von Neumann computer works Similar to descriptions of everyday routines, such as food recipes and car repairs Typical commands offered by imperative languages Assignment, IO, procedure calls The natural abstraction is the procedure Abstracts one or more actions to a procedure, which can be called as a single command. Procedural programming OBJECT-ORIENTED PARADIGM: Object-Oriented Paradigm, a program describes the structure and behaviour of so called objects and classes of objects. An object encapsulates passive data and active operations on these data: it has a storage fixing its state and a set of methods describing behaviour of the object. Classes compose an inheritance hierarchy including polymorphism of operation. Execution of an object-oriented program is regarded as exchange of message between objects, modifying states. Object-oriented paradigm deals with active objects instead of passive objects. We encounter many active objects in our daily life. The actions to be performed on these objects are included in the object: the objects need only to receive the appropriate stimulus from outside to perform one of the actions. A file in an object-oriented paradigm can be packed with all the procedures called methods in the object-oriented paradigm to be performed by the file: printing, copying, deleting and so on. The program in this paradigm just sends the corresponding request to the object. In object-oriented paradigm, objects of the same type (files, for example) need a set of methods that show how an object of this type reacts to stimuli from outside the objects territories. To create these methods, a unit called a class is used Characteristics: Discipline and idea The theory of concepts, and models of human interaction with real world phenomena Data as well as operations are encapsulated in objects Information hiding is used to protect internal properties of an object Objects interact by means of message passing A metaphor for applying an operation on an object In most object-oriented languages objects are grouped in classes Objects in classes are similar enough to allow programming of the classes, as opposed to programming of the individual objects Classes represent concepts whereas objects represents phenomena Classes are organized in inheritance hierarchies Provides for class extension or specialization Real-World Example using Imperative and Object-oriented Paradigms: Lets say that you are working for a vehicle parts manufacturer that needs to update its online inventory system. Your boss tells you to program two similar but separate forms for a website, one form that processes information about cars and one that does the same for trucks. For cars, we will need to record the following information: Colour, engine size, transmission type, number of doors For bus, the information will be similar, but slightly different, we need: Colour, engine size, transmission type, number of passengers In Imperative programming, you would write the code first to process the car form and then the code for the truck form, but In Object-Oriented programming, you would write a base class called vehicle that would record the common characteristics what we need from both trucks and cars. In this case, the vehicle class will record: Colour, engine size, transmission type Well make each one of those characteristics into a separate method. The colour method, for example, could take the colour of the vehicle as a parameter and do something with it, like storing it in a database. Next, we will create two more classes: truck and car, both of which will inherit all of the methods of the vehicle class and extend it with methods that are unique to them. The car class will have a method called numberofdoors and the truck class will have the methods numberofpassengers. As you seen from above example , employing an object-oriented programming style has significant advantages over Imperative programming, especially as your scale increases, doesnt mean that you should never use Imperative programming, if youre doing a mock-up or a proof-of-concept app, you might not have time to make everything object-oriented and so I think it might would be better to use Imperative programming for a prototypes, but it would be best to make the production product in an Object-Oriented manner. Conclusion: Object-Oriented programming is the brain-child of imperative programming and would not exist without its parent. On that note, we would not have the large-scale, highly modular, highly powerful programming abilities that we have today without the growth of imperative procedural programming into what is now object-oriented programming.

Reading Books Essay

Reading a book is one of the best forms of entertainment a person can have. Books can take you places to a time and lifestyle that you will never visit or experience. I remember the old show called â€Å"Reading Rainbow† and it lyrics were gave a very interesting take on books they went like this: â€Å"I can twice as high take a look, it’s in a book A Reading Rainbow, I can go anywhere, Friends to know and ways to grow, Reading Rainbow, I can be anything take a look it’s in a book.† Those lyrics are so true. Reading a book you can read about how life was in the 1700’s up until our generation today. I could be a detective who solves a famous mystery or I could be the killer trying to get away. I can learn to speak another language. There are so many things and topics in reading a book that can change your appearance, your political viewpoints, and change your attitude. Some say that books might become obsolete because movies are made from these books and you can watch the movies in two hours. Watching the movies a person feels that you can get the plot and conclusion of the book in two hours. This is true but for example if it is true life story the movie are going to change some parts of the books to make it more enjoyable, whereas the book is going to give you every detail the author wants you to have. Books gives people a conversation piece just like a movie but the only difference is books can join the world. Movies can’t be seen in some countries but a book can be read. So like the Reading Rainbow says â€Å"take a look it’s in a book†. So in conclusion reading a book is the best form of entertainment. Stephanie C. Williams November 20, 2010

Compare Glory Glory Be to Chocolate

Compare and analyse ‘Glory Glory Be to Chocolate’ and ‘The Butcher’s Shop’ and how they represent the ideas/attitudes/feelings about food. In ‘Glory Glory Be to Chocolate’, John Agard emphasises the marvellous and remarkable feelings the author has towards chocolate. He exaggerates his attitudes on how he feels food should be spoken about, as he constantly repeats religious references such as ‘manifestations’. Using the lexis from the semantic field of religion is useful for the author to strain his response on how chocolate tastes so good.The lexis ‘manifestations’ is a metaphor in the text that portrays that the chocolate has embodied god, showing the Agard’s feelings that chocolate is that powerful to him. Also he wants to share it with the audience by using influential words to hypnotise the reader by appealing to their senses. For example in the citation ‘mouth-watering bars†¦ that ring the tastebud bells’, Agard lures human senses into making them create an image of the ‘butterscotch and caramel’ chocolate that seems so pleasurable, which is one of the aims of John Agard’s; to make people want to appreciate food like he does.However, ‘The Butcher’s Shop’ gives a very negative perspective towards food as Angela Topping uses negative connotations to reveal her ideas and attitudes towards food. Topping explains the darkness in the butcher shop, making the reader imagine them being in the butcher shop witnessing the killing of the innocent animals. The events of the butcher shop illustrate the horrifying truth of what happens to animals instead of the fake stories that children are told in books.Throughout the poem, the author constantly uses a political under tones to give her opinion on the political party which she disagrees with, such as ‘their porky heads voting Tory all their lives their blue rosettes discarded n ow. ’ Topping uses the lexis ‘Tory’ in a negative way, as she tries to give her own opinion on the party, as she is anti tory and is saying the butcher is Tory and doesn’t want change. The butcher doesn’t want change as he likes the way things are going and that animals are killed for slaughter, which makes the readers put the Tory party in a scandalous light.Furthermore, the ‘blue rosettes’ symbolise the Tory party which mainly consist of upper class people but also are the colour rosettes that are given to the best animals at competitions, which is ironic as the animals that get murdered are not actually winners in the end, and their rosettes mean nothing now. At the end of the poem ‘Glory Glory Be to Chocolate’, the last line is on its own stanza, to emphasise the importance of the sentence. By making it significant, Agard asks the audience a simple rhetorical question; ‘the makes every mouth a god? She uses the st raightforward lexis’ to question their views on if they think chocolate is ‘god-like’ which can create highly debatable conversations between people reading the poem. The use of the grammar also sums up the poem and gives the reader a clear choice as to whether they agree with his opinions of chocolate or disagree. By having ‘mouth a god’ in the sentence is a very strong term to have as it can create religious disagreements as some religions have more than one god and could create tension between some readers.In ‘The Butcher’s Shop’, the poem doesn’t flow like ‘Glory Glory Be to Chocolate’ as it has abrupt feel to it throughout the novel with many sentences stopping halfway through and carrying on the next line. Topping uses enjambment through the poem to portray the continuous killings of the animals, and that meat is never ending no matter how much people protest against the butchery and consumption of meat. This is shown in the citation ‘open-mouthed dignified in martyrs’ death.They hang stiff as Sunday manners. ’ In the poem, the stanzas are presented in different lengths, which could represent the different pigs hanging in the butchers shop. Plus, using the adjective ‘dignified’ is described in a sarcastic manner as the poet is saying the pigs are being killed for the greater good and using the term ‘Sunday manner’s exposes that its normal for people to have meat when having the traditional British Sunday dinner and that’s what the animals are killed for.In conclusion, ‘Glory Glory Be to Chocolate’ uses religious references to portray Agards true passion towards chocolate and uses language devices to underline the prominence positive attitude food gives. While ‘The Butcher’s Shop’ gives a cruel feeling towards food, as Topping uses child imagery to demonstrate that there is no innocence in the butch ery and that children’s stories are merely lies as to what happens to animals.

Final Exam Essay

Final Exam Essay Final Exam Essay Chapter 11 – Simple linear regression Types of Regression Models (Sec. 11-1) Linear Regression: - Outcome of Dependent Variable (response) for ith experimental/sampling unit - Level of the Independent (predictor) variable for ith experimental/sampling unit - Linear (systematic) relation between Yi and Xi (aka conditional mean) - Mean of Y when X=0 (Y-intercept) - Change in mean of Y when X increases by 1 (slope) - Random error term Note that and are unknown parameters. We estimate them by the least squares method. Polynomial (Nonlinear) Regression: This model allows for a curvilinear (as opposed to straight line) relation. Both linear and polynomial regression are susceptible to problems when predictions of Y are made outside the range of the X values used to fit the model. This is referred to as extrapolation. Least Squares Estimation (Sec. 11-2) 1. Obtain a sample of n pairs (X1,Y1)†¦(Xn,Yn). 2. Plot the Y values on the vertical (up/down) axis versus their corresponding X values on the horizontal (left/right) axis. 3. Choose the line that minimizes the sum of squared vertical distances from observed values (Yi) to their fitted values ( ) Note: 4. b0 is the Y-intercept for the estimated regression equation 5. b1 is the slope of the estimated regression equation Measures of Variation (Sec. 11-3) Sums of Squares ï‚ § Total sum of squares = Regression sum of squares + Error sum of squares ï‚ § Total variation = Explained variation + Unexplained variation ï‚ § Total sum of squares (Total Variation): ï‚ § Regression sum of squares (Explained Variation): ï‚ § Error sum of squares (Unexplained Variation): Coefficients of Determination and Correlation Coefficient of Determination ï‚ § Proportion of variation in Y â€Å"explained† by the regression on X ï‚ § Coefficient of Correlation ï‚ § Measure of the direction and strength of the linear association between Y and X ï‚ § Standard Error of the Estimate (Residual Standard Deviation) ï‚ § Estimated standard

Discuss evolutionary explanations of human aggression Essay Example

Discuss evolutionary explanations of human aggression Essay Example Discuss evolutionary explanations of human aggression Paper Discuss evolutionary explanations of human aggression Paper The evolutionary view states that all aggressive behavior is a product of genetic programming and inheritance. Every individual is genetically programmed to maximize their fitness. There are two ways 1) reproducing and generating 2) by avoiding predation or by being successful predator.  There are many types of aggression. Male on female aggression – the men uses the violence to keep the women faithful to him. Miller study show that 55 % of battered wives perceived jealousy as reason for husband’s behaviour. The implication is that 45% of women reported that there was no jealousy so other factor must contribute. This explanation is reductionist , because it assumes that there is only one cause. Shackeford investigated the relationship between a women’s age , her husband’s age and the risk that he will murder het. This study found that older man are more likely to kill the younger women. The implication of this is that younger women are more fertile therefore more desirable. From evolutionary theory point of view this iis a product of men’s evolved sexual proprietaries. A second evolutionary explanation of human aggression is the evolution of homicide. One cause of aggression could be a lack of resources. Daly and Wilson carried out a study in Brazil and found that approximately 40% of victims and killers were men that were unemployed and around 70% of male victims and killers were not married. So, the inability to attract a long term partner and a lack of resources appears to lead to social competition and therefore aggression. The study also only looked at young adults in western culture, therefore the results may not be generalist across HTH human species like the evolutionary explanation suggests they should be. This explanations, and in particular Chalkboards supporting study, has stroll and very useful real world applications. The explanation results from the study, can be used o help predict and indicator partners who are likely to exert aggression through the posits between that and mate retention strategies. There is great value in being at to predict and indicate partners who could become aggressive to partners because it could mean less females may suffer domestic violence. If early warning signs like emotional manipulation are identifiable and associated, it can allow them to have time to leave the relate unships before it comes violent or attend relationship therapy before the situation escalate into physical violence (Adobes+Debase 84). This will reduce the amount Of abusive relate( SSH pips.

Smoking cigarettes and the strenghts and weakness of the theory of Essay

Smoking cigarettes and the strenghts and weakness of the theory of planned behaviour in explaining this behaviour - Essay Example This is a habit and people become addicted to these kind of things very quickly. Among the addiction of things the addiction of cigarette smoking is very common and popular. A approximate number of adults smoking in United States is about 44.5 million. 23% of the high school students are current smokers. The rate of persons who start smoking is more in students than in adults. This is the major point of concern for the health organization to reduce this rate. Some people smoke to make their image glamorous and effective. The person falling in these categories are most from the reel life persons or star personalities. Military also advertises smoking as glamorous part of life and society. This is a kind of irrational behavior of man that forces him to get addicted to such things in life that are harmful to him. He knows that these are harmful but enjoys the addiction. The irrational behavior is the abnormal behavior of person that is related to his addictions. They do not know how to act at some instance. When they are addicted to something they get unconscious in the absence of it. Who is responsible for this kind of action or behavior the person or the environment around him. About the first cigarette every person thinks that he will not be addicted of it but soon when he is used to the smoking environment he starts it slowly and occasionally. The first cigarette offered to him is just the initialization of his irrational behavior. Smoking for the first time is due to the curiosity of the feeling that something is missing in life and that must be filled by smoking. Smoking is also done to equalize his standard with others of his age. They think that smoking creates a glamorous and mature image. Even in the early stage of smoking majority hates the taste of cigarette but due to the irrational behavior of smoking it makes them feel satisfied of smoking. With first few cigarettes one thinks he would not get addicted to smoking since he is smoking only one or two in couple of days but then sitting in the environment it gets doubled and the person becomes addicted to it very soon. Even then he tries to quit smoking that becomes difficult for him. Then if someone offers you a cigarette you cannot stop yourself from smoking. This forces a person for irrational behavior of smoking and makes him addicted to the heinous act of smoki ng. Smokers have a basic habit of smoking at certain interval or at certain time like in the morning of after having dinner or such time. This makes him slave of cigarette and cannot quit at these times. In early stage of smoking person smokes in group but then individually needs cigarette at certain interval. He becomes dependent on smoking or cigarette. At

Race and Criminal Justice Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Race and Criminal Justice - Research Paper Example The types of crimes that are in the spotlight when racial discrimination is discussed within these quarters matter (Neugebauer, 2000). Researchers have also placed a higher barrier when racism is discussed with the focus of their studies mainly being the black population rather than the reasons why they have been incarcerated. Furthermore, this paper has been researched on the backdrop of the fact that within the past two decades, racism, conscious and unconscious, individual and institutional, has been uncovered in all major criminal justice agencies and more so within the prisons and the police (Bhui, 2008). The purpose of this paper is to conduct a research on how the two, race and the criminal justice system interact and whether there are any undertones that require being addressed from a policy-making point of view. The main method of research will be the use of surveys where ten participants have been identified to participate in this research. The main method used to conduct the survey will dwell both on the oral and the electronic forms to allow for greater elaboration of any unclear sentiments. Confidentiality will be maintained with each participant assured of their privacy. America is one of the most racially diverse nations in the world. However, despite the fact that people feel that racism was fought against and won over after the civil rights movements took issue with the apparent discrimination, many still believe that racism is one of the most rife topics in the country. More so, people have taken an offensive against the criminal justice system where they believe that the American criminal justice system has become a racially biased institution whose main targets are African-Americans (Quigley, 2010). According to the Political Research Associates (2006), roughly 70% of the nearly 2.1 million adult men and women in prison are persons of color. This has led to the conclusion by many that the